{"id":1470,"date":"2023-08-08T13:35:12","date_gmt":"2023-08-08T16:35:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-ingles\/?p=1470"},"modified":"2025-10-30T12:03:20","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T15:03:20","slug":"gramatica-essencial-da-lingua-inglesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-ingles\/gramatica-essencial-da-lingua-inglesa\/","title":{"rendered":"Gram\u00e1tica essencial da L\u00edngua Inglesa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A&nbsp;l\u00edngua inglesa&nbsp;\u00e9 anal\u00edtica, de formas pouco vari\u00e1veis. A constru\u00e7\u00e3o das frases segue estruturas muito r\u00edgidas, nas quais avultam m\u00faltiplas regras de sintaxe e uma morfologia muito reduzida. Um substantivo colocado antes de outro substantivo converte-se em adjetivo. Assim, por exemplo,&nbsp;<em>school<\/em>&nbsp;significa &#8220;escola&#8221; (<em>technical school<\/em>) ou &#8220;escolar&#8221; (<em>school year<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Muitos substantivos \u2013 mas, aten\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o todos \u2013 podem ser empregados como verbos, o que pode levar ao aparecimento, em portugu\u00eas, de alguns neologismos formados por analogia. Um exemplo,&nbsp;<em>contact<\/em>&nbsp;(contato) e&nbsp;<em>to contact<\/em>&nbsp;(entrar em contato, substitu\u00eddo pelo j\u00e1 consagrado &#8220;contatar&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00e1 quem diga que os verbos ingleses s\u00e3o f\u00e1ceis. Em certo sentido, isso \u00e9 verdade, pois com um total de cinco formas (<em>speak, speaks, spoke, spoken, speaking<\/em>) forma-se praticamente todos os tempos que usamos na l\u00edngua portuguesa, al\u00e9m de uma conjuga\u00e7\u00e3o paralela que exprime a continuidade da a\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta aparente simplicidade serve muito bem aos prop\u00f3sitos da linguagem &#8220;telegr\u00e1fica&#8221;, mas se transforma numa fonte de dificuldades para quem quer exprimir conceitos menos elementares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Outra\u00a0<em>mixed blessing<\/em>, ou mar de rosas n\u00e3o isento de espinhos, s\u00e3o os\u00a0<em>phrasal verbs<\/em>, ou verbos\u00a0acompanhados de preposi\u00e7\u00e3o que adquirem significados muito precisos. Um exemplo:\u00a0<em>to run<\/em>, em seu significado mais comum, quer dizer &#8220;correr&#8221;:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/pt\/dicionario\/ingles-portugues\/run-out-of-something\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">to run out of<\/a>\u00a0quer dizer &#8220;ficar sem&#8221;;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/pt\/dicionario\/ingles\/run-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">to run up (a dress)<\/a> quer dizer remendar \u00e0s pressas ou costurar rapidamente (um vestido).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dito isto, procuremos reduzir a p\u00edlulas inodoras e ins\u00edpidas as principais regras que regem esta l\u00edngua de pron\u00fancia &#8220;imposs\u00edvel&#8221;, mas que n\u00e3o pode ser ignorada nestes tempos de computadores, esportes, ci\u00eancia e tecnologia, em que o ingl\u00eas tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 a l\u00edngua de algumas das mais fascinantes can\u00e7\u00f5es e \u2013 temos de lembrar \u2013 de Shakespeare, Milton e Shelley. Fiquem \u00e0 vontade para conhec\u00ea-la! Boa leitura!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alfabeto\">Alfabeto<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pron\u00fancia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Em ingl\u00eas, n\u00e3o existe uma correspond\u00eancia constante entre as letras do alfabeto e sua pron\u00fancia. Os sons da l\u00edngua falada s\u00e3o mais de 40, enquanto as letras do alfabeto s\u00e3o apenas 26, de modo que alguns sons t\u00eam diferentes grafias. Os dicion\u00e1rios e gram\u00e1ticas utilizam o alfabeto fon\u00e9tico internacional (IPA), estudado para representar com exatid\u00e3o todos os sons da l\u00edngua inglesa. Ele usa s\u00edmbolos especiais cuja transcri\u00e7\u00e3o aqui seria muito enfadonha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elementos de gram\u00e1tica e de sintaxe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Substantivos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Em ingl\u00eas, o substantivo n\u00e3o tem g\u00eanero gramatical. A distin\u00e7\u00e3o de masculino, feminino e neutro (<em>he, she, it<\/em>) \u00e9 feita nos pronomes, conforme o sexo ou a natureza do ser nomeado. Com poucas exce\u00e7\u00f5es, forma-se o\u00a0plural\u00a0acrescentando-se um\u00a0&#8220;-s&#8221;\u00a0ao\u00a0singular:\u00a0<em>book<\/em>\u00a0(livro),\u00a0<em>books<\/em>\u00a0(livros);\u00a0<em>dog<\/em>\u00a0(c\u00e3o),\u00a0<em>dogs<\/em>\u00a0(c\u00e3es);\u00a0<em>rose<\/em>\u00a0(rosa),\u00a0<em>roses<\/em>\u00a0(rosas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quando a ortografia e a pron\u00fancia o exigem&nbsp;(nas palavras terminadas em&nbsp;<em>-s&nbsp;-ch -sh, -x, -z<\/em>&nbsp;e em alguma em&nbsp;<em>-o<\/em>), acrescenta-se&nbsp;-es:&nbsp;<em>box<\/em>&nbsp;(caixa),&nbsp;<em>boxes<\/em>&nbsp;(caixas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alguns substantivos de uso comum t\u00eam plural irregular. Eis os mais usados:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>man (homem)<\/td><td>men (homens)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>woman (mulher)<\/td><td>women (mulheres)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>child (crian\u00e7a)<\/td><td>children (crian\u00e7as)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tooth (dente)<\/td><td>teeth (dentes)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>foot (p\u00e9)<\/td><td>feet (p\u00e9s)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>mouse (rato)<\/td><td>mice (ratos)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>goose (ganso)<\/td><td>geese (gansos)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Conv\u00e9m recordar mais uma vez a posi\u00e7\u00e3o atributiva (ou adjetivo) do substantivo, na qual ele nunca \u00e9 flexionado no plural. \u00c9 t\u00edpico do ingl\u00eas o chamado&nbsp;caso possessivo, que se forma antepondo-se o nome do possuidor ao nome do objeto que lhe pertence:&nbsp;<em>Tom\u2019s house<\/em>&nbsp;(a casa de Tom);&nbsp;<em>the boys\u2019 books<\/em>&nbsp;(os livros dos rapazes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Artigos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O\u00a0artigo definido\u00a0(o, a, os, as) \u00e9\u00a0<em>the<\/em>\u00a0para os tr\u00eas g\u00eaneros e ambos os n\u00fameros.\u00a0O\u00a0artigo indefinido\u00a0(um, uma;\u00a0n\u00e3o tem plural) \u00e9\u00a0&#8220;a&#8221;\u00a0(ou\u00a0&#8220;an&#8221;, antes de palavras come\u00e7adas por som de vogal).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma das quest\u00f5es gramaticais mais espinhosos \u00e9 a que diz respeito \u00e0 defini\u00e7\u00e3o dos casos em que se usa e n\u00e3o se usa o artigo definido em ingl\u00eas. Por isso, est\u00e1 fora desta sinopse gramatical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O&nbsp;adjetivo,&nbsp;felizmente, \u00e9 invari\u00e1vel em g\u00eanero e n\u00famero. Salvo rar\u00edssimas exce\u00e7\u00f5es, \u00e9 sempre colocado antes do substantivo a que se refere. Quando se sucedem dois ou mais adjetivos, o mais qualificativo ocupa o lugar mais pr\u00f3ximo do substantivo:<em>&nbsp;a little red house<\/em>&nbsp;(uma casinha vermelha).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flex\u00e3o em grau do adjetivo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-comparativo\">Comparativo<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>De superioridade:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>adjetivo (com uma ou duas s\u00edlabas) com sufixo<em>&nbsp;<strong>-er<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<em><strong>than<\/strong><\/em>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>more<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo (com tr\u00eas ou mais s\u00edlabas) +&nbsp;<em><strong>than<\/strong><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>De inferioridade:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>less<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo +&nbsp;<em><strong>than<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>De igualdade:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>as<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo +&nbsp;<em><strong>as<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>not so<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;+ adjetivo +&nbsp;<em><strong>as<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(em frase negativa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-superlativo\">Superlativo<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 relativo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>the<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo (com uma ou duas s\u00edlabas) com sufixo&nbsp;<em><strong>-est<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>the most<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo (com tr\u00eas ou mais s\u00edlabas)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 absoluto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>very<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pronomes pessoais e possessivos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aten\u00e7\u00e3o: Na terceira pessoa do singular, o possessivo concorda em g\u00eanero com o possuidor, e n\u00e3o com a coisa possu\u00edda. O pronome da primeira pessoa do singular \u00e9&nbsp;&#8220;I&#8221;&nbsp;sempre grafado com mai\u00fascula. No tratamento formal usa se&nbsp;<em>you<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pronomes pessoais<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Pessoais<\/th><th><\/th><th>Possessivos<\/th><th><\/th><th>Reflexivos<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sujeito<\/td><td>Complemento<\/td><td>Adjetivos<\/td><td>Pronomes<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>I<\/td><td>me<\/td><td>my<\/td><td>mine<\/td><td>myself<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>you<\/td><td>you<\/td><td>your<\/td><td>yours<\/td><td>yourself<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>he<\/td><td>him<\/td><td>his<\/td><td>his<\/td><td>himself<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>she<\/td><td>her<\/td><td>her<\/td><td>hers<\/td><td>herself<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>it<\/td><td>it<\/td><td>its<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>itself<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>we<\/td><td>us<\/td><td>our<\/td><td>ours<\/td><td>ourselves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>you<\/td><td>you<\/td><td>your<\/td><td>yours<\/td><td>yourselves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>they<\/td><td>them<\/td><td>their<\/td><td>theirs<\/td><td>themselves<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos e pronomes demonstrativos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>este, esta<\/td><td>this<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>estes, estas<\/td><td>these<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>esse, essa<\/td><td>that<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>esses, essas<\/td><td>those<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>aquele, aquela<\/td><td>that<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>aqueles, aquelas<\/td><td>those<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pronomes relativos e interrogativos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ao pronome interrogativo qual corresponde tamb\u00e9m&nbsp;<strong>which<\/strong>. Por vezes, o pronome relativo fica subentendido:&nbsp;<em>the book you lent me is interesting<\/em>&nbsp;(o livro que voc\u00ea me emprestou \u00e9 interessante).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><\/th><th>Relativos (que, o qual, etc.)<\/th><th>Interrogativos (quem, que, etc.)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>de pessoas<\/td><td>who \/ that<\/td><td>who<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>de coisas<\/td><td>which \/ that<\/td><td>what<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos e pronomes indefinidos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><\/th><th>Adjetivos<\/th><th>Pronomes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>algum<\/td><td>some, any&nbsp;*<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>algu\u00e9m<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>someone, somebody, anyone, anybody&nbsp;*<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>alguma coisa, algo<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>something, anything&nbsp;*<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>nenhum<\/td><td>no<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ningu\u00e9m<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>nobody, no one<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>nada<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>nothing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>todo<\/td><td>all<\/td><td>all<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>cada<\/td><td>every, each<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>cada um<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>everyone, everybody<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>outro<\/td><td>other<\/td><td>other, another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ambos<\/td><td>both<\/td><td>both<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>muito<\/td><td>much (plural many), a lot of<\/td><td>much (plural many)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>pouco<\/td><td>little (plural few)<\/td><td>little (plural few)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>qualquer<\/td><td>any<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>qualquer pessoa<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>anybody<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>qualquer coisa<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><td>anything<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tal<\/td><td>such<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adv\u00e9rbios e conjun\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Os mais comuns s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>como<\/td><td>how<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>onde<\/td><td>where<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>porque<\/td><td>why (interrogativo) because (frases casuais)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>quando<\/td><td>when<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>enquanto<\/td><td>while<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>antes de\/que<\/td><td>before<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>depois de\/que<\/td><td>after<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>embora<\/td><td>although, though<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>que<\/td><td>that<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>se<\/td><td>if, whether (interrogativas indiretas)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>e<\/td><td>and<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ou<\/td><td>or<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>mas<\/td><td>but<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tamb\u00e9m<\/td><td>also, too<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e3o muito os adv\u00e9rbios de modo formados pela adi\u00e7\u00e3o de&nbsp;&#8220;-ly&#8221;&nbsp;ao adjetivo:&nbsp;<em>obvious<\/em>&nbsp;(\u00f3bvio),&nbsp;<em>obviously<\/em>&nbsp;(obviamente).&nbsp;Os seguintes adv\u00e9rbios chamados, de frequ\u00eancia, s\u00e3o colocados entre o sujeito e o verbo nos tempos simples, entre auxiliar e o verbo nos tempos compostos e depois das formas simples de&nbsp;<em>to be<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>always<\/td><td>sempre<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>never<\/td><td>nunca<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>often<\/td><td>muitas vezes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>rarely<\/td><td>raramente<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sometimes<\/td><td>\u00e0s vezes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>usually<\/td><td>habitualmente<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preposi\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Estas s\u00e3o as de uso mais frequente:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>a<\/td><td>at, to<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>antes de<\/td><td>before<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>at\u00e9<\/td><td>till, until<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>atr\u00e1s de<\/td><td>behind<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>atrav\u00e9s de<\/td><td>&nbsp;through, across<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>com<\/td><td>with<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>contra<\/td><td>against<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>de<\/td><td>of, from (proveni\u00eancia)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>depois de<\/td><td>after<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>desde<\/td><td>since<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>durante<\/td><td>during<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>em<\/td><td>at, in (dentro de), into (para dentro de)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>em frente de<\/td><td>in front of<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>em torno de<\/td><td>about, around<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>entre<\/td><td>between (dois), among (tr\u00eas ou mais)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>para<\/td><td>to, for<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>para com<\/td><td>towards<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>perto de<\/td><td>near<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>por<\/td><td>by<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sob<\/td><td>under, below (abaixo de)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sobre<\/td><td>on (com contato), over, above (acima de)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tal&nbsp;como dissemos, os verbos Ingleses t\u00eam uma conjuga\u00e7\u00e3o muito despojada, pois h\u00e1 apenas dois tempos n\u00e3o compostos: o presente e o passado.&nbsp;O&nbsp;presente&nbsp;simples exprime uma a\u00e7\u00e3o habitual ou repetida. Por exemplo, se dissermos&nbsp;<em>she speaks french fluently<\/em><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>damos a entender que algu\u00e9m sabe falar fluentemente franc\u00eas,&nbsp;e n\u00e3o que esteja falando naquele momento. Para exprimir-se o que se est\u00e1 fazendo em um dado momento, utiliza-se o presente cont\u00ednuo:<em>&nbsp;I am learning English.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O&nbsp;presente simples \u00e9 igual a infinitivo sem a part\u00edcula to acrescido de&nbsp;&#8220;-s&#8221;&nbsp;(ou&nbsp;&#8220;-es&#8221;,&nbsp;segundo a regra do plural dos substantivos) na terceira pessoa do singular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao&nbsp;passado&nbsp;simples, os verbos dividem-se em \u201cfracos\u201d, ou regulares, que formam o passado e o&nbsp;partic\u00edpio&nbsp;quando recebem a termina\u00e7\u00e3o&nbsp;&#8220;-ed&#8221;&nbsp;ou&nbsp;&#8220;-d&#8221;&nbsp;\u00e0&nbsp;formas do presente\/infinitivo, e em \u201cfortes\u201d, ou&nbsp;irregulares, que formam o passado e o partic\u00edpio de diversas maneiras, em geral modificando a vogal do radical (speak, sp<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">o<\/span>ke, sp<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">o<\/span>ken).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u00a0part\u00edcula <em>to<\/em>\u00a0\u00e9 o s\u00edmbolo do infinitivo; contudo, n\u00e3o \u00e9 usada quando o infinitivo \u00e9 acompanhado de um verbo auxiliar ou de certos verbos defectivos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conv\u00e9m lembrar que \u2013 como, na pr\u00e1tica, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 flex\u00e3o verbal \u2013 \u00e9 sempre necess\u00e1rio nomear o sujeito; caso n\u00e3o haja o nome, usa-se o pronome pessoal correspondente. O\u00a0ger\u00fandio, que termina em\u00a0&#8220;-ing&#8221;,\u00a0\u00e9 um substantivo verbal, como se v\u00ea pelos exemplos: see<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ing<\/span>\u00a0is believ<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ing<\/span>\u00a0(ver para crer); before go<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ing<\/span>\u00a0(antes de ir); instead of act<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ing<\/span>, he dreams (em vez de agir, ele sonha).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos auxiliares e conjuga\u00e7\u00e3o normal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O ingl\u00eas tem v\u00e1rios verbos auxiliares. Al\u00e9m de&nbsp;<em>to be<\/em>&nbsp;(ser, estar) e&nbsp;<em>to have<\/em>&nbsp;(ter), empregam-se outros para formar o futuro, o condicional e as formas interrogativas e negativas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Infinitivo<\/td><td><strong>to be<\/strong>&nbsp;(ser, estar)<\/td><td><strong>to have<\/strong>&nbsp;(ter)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Partic\u00edpio<\/td><td><strong>been&nbsp;<\/strong>(sido, estado)<\/td><td><strong>had&nbsp;<\/strong>(tido)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-presente-simples-nbsp-sou-estou-tenho-etc\">Presente simples&nbsp;(sou, estou, tenho, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>I<\/td><td>am<\/td><td>have<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>you, we, they<\/td><td>are<\/td><td>have<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>he, she, it<\/td><td>is<\/td><td>has<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-passado-simples-nbsp-era-fui-tive-tinha-etc\">Passado simples&nbsp;(era, fui, tive, tinha, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>I<\/td><td>was<\/td><td>had<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>you, we, they<\/td><td>were<\/td><td>had<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>he, she, it<\/td><td>was<\/td><td>had<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><\/th><th>Verbo fraco<\/th><th>Verbo forte<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Infinitivo<\/td><td><em>to live<\/em>&nbsp;(viver)<\/td><td><em>to speak<\/em>&nbsp;(falar)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Partic\u00edpio<\/td><td><em>live<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">d<\/span><\/em>&nbsp;(vivido)<\/td><td><em>spoken<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-presente-simples-nbsp-vivo-falo-etc\">Presente simples&nbsp;(vivo, falo, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>I, you, we, they<\/td><td>live<\/td><td>speak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>he, she, it<\/td><td>live<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">s<\/span><\/td><td>speak<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">s<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-passado-simples-nbsp-vivi-vivia-falei-falava-etc\">Passado simples&nbsp;(vivi, vivia, falei, falava, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>I, you, he, she<\/td><td>live<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">d<\/span><\/td><td>spoke<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>it, we, they<\/td><td>live<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">d<\/span><\/td><td>spoke<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-futuro-nbsp-viverei-falarei-etc\">Futuro&nbsp;(viverei, falarei, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>I, we<\/td><td><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">shall<\/span><\/td><td>live<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>he, she, it, you, they<\/td><td><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">will<\/span><\/td><td>speak<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-condicional-nbsp-viveria-falaria-etc\">Condicional&nbsp;(viveria, falaria, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>I, we<\/td><td><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">should<\/span><\/td><td>live<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>he, she, it, you, they<\/td><td><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">would<\/span><\/td><td>speak<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Passado cont\u00ednuo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O\u00a0passado cont\u00ednuo\u00a0\u00e9 sempre constru\u00eddo com o auxiliar <em>to have<\/em> e o partic\u00edpio do verbo:\u00a0<em>I have lived<\/em>\u00a0(tenho vivido),\u00a0<em>he has spoken<\/em>\u00a0(ele tem falado).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No&nbsp;futuro&nbsp;tamb\u00e9m se emprega a chamada forma&nbsp;<em>going to<\/em>, constru\u00e7\u00e3o formada pelo presente cont\u00ednuo de&nbsp;<em>to go<\/em>&nbsp;(ir) seguido do infinitivo do verbo:&nbsp;<em>I am going to write to you this evening<\/em>&nbsp;(vou escrever a voc\u00ea nesta tarde). Usa-se sobretudo quando existe a inten\u00e7\u00e3o (ou fortes probabilidades) de realizar a a\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forma em -ing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Como dissemos, quando se pretende indicar que uma a\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 acontecendo no momento em que se faz a refer\u00eancia, emprega-se em ingl\u00eas uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o verbal especial: auxiliar&nbsp;<em>to be<\/em>&nbsp;seguido do verbo com a desin\u00eancia&nbsp;&#8220;-ing&#8221;:&nbsp;<em>he&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">is<\/span>&nbsp;speaking<\/em>&nbsp;(ele est\u00e1 falando);&nbsp;<em>they&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">were<\/span><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>writ<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ing<\/span><\/em>&nbsp;(eles estavam escrevendo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forma negativa e forma interrogativa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tamb\u00e9m para estas formas se recorre nos tempos simples a um auxiliar (<em>do\/does<\/em>&nbsp;no presente,&nbsp;<em>did<\/em>&nbsp;no passado), enquanto nos tempos compostos se conserva auxiliar da forma positiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forma negativa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Sujeito<\/th><th>Auxiliar + nega\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Verbo<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"3\">I, you, we, they<\/td><td>do not<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">speak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>did not<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>have not<\/td><td>spoken<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"3\">he, she, it<\/td><td>does not<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">speak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>did not<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>has not<\/td><td>spoken<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forma interrogativa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Auxiliar<\/th><th>Sujeito<\/th><th>Verbo<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>do<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">I, you, we, they<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">speak?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>did<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>does<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">he, she, it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>did<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>have<\/td><td>I, you, we, they<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">spoken?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>has<\/td><td>he, she, it<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>O mesmo vale para o futuro e para a forma em &#8220;-ing&#8221;. <em>You will speak. You will <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not<\/span> speak. Will you speak? He is speaking. He is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not<\/span><strong> <\/strong>speaking. Is he speaking?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na l\u00edngua falada empregam-se algumas formas abreviadas de auxiliar e elemento de nega\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>are not<\/td><td>aren&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>is not<\/td><td>isn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>have not<\/td><td>haven&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>has not<\/td><td>hasn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>do not<\/td><td>don&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>does not<\/td><td>doesn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>did not<\/td><td>didn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>can not<\/td><td>can&#8217;t, cannot<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>could not<\/td><td>couldn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>shall not<\/td><td>shan&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>will not<\/td><td>won&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>should not<\/td><td>shouldn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>would not<\/td><td>wouldn&#8217;t<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-outros-verbos-auxiliares\">Outros verbos auxiliares<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Presente<\/th><th>Passado<\/th><th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>can<\/td><td>could<\/td><td>poder, ser capaz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>may<\/td><td>might<\/td><td>poder, ter permiss\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>must<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>dever, ter de<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-verbos-fortes\">Verbos fortes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Esta lista dos mais usuais apresentam-se o infinitivo, o passado e o partic\u00edpio de cada verbo, assim como um ou dois significados correntes em portugu\u00eas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>to bear (levar, suportar)<\/td><td>bore<\/td><td>borne<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to become (tornar-se)<\/td><td>became<\/td><td>become<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to begin (come\u00e7ar)<\/td><td>began<\/td><td>begun<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to break (partir, quebrar)<\/td><td>broke<\/td><td>broken<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to bring (trazer)<\/td><td>brought<\/td><td>brought<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to build (construir)<\/td><td>built<\/td><td>built<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to buy (comprar)<\/td><td>bought<\/td><td>bought<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to choose (escolher)<\/td><td>chose<\/td><td>chosen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to come (vir)<\/td><td>came<\/td><td>come<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to cut (cortar)<\/td><td>cut<\/td><td>cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to draw (tirar)<\/td><td>drew<\/td><td>drawn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to drink (beber)<\/td><td>drank<\/td><td>drunk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to drive (guiar)<\/td><td>drove<\/td><td>driven<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to eat (comer)<\/td><td>ate<\/td><td>eaten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to fall (cair)<\/td><td>fell<\/td><td>fallen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to feel (sentir)<\/td><td>felt<\/td><td>felt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to find (encontrar)<\/td><td>found<\/td><td>found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to fly (voar)<\/td><td>flew<\/td><td>flown<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to forget (esquecer)<\/td><td>forgot<\/td><td>forgotten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to get (obter)<\/td><td>got<\/td><td>got \/ gotten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to give (dar)<\/td><td>gave<\/td><td>given<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to go (ir)<\/td><td>went<\/td><td>gone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to grow (crescer)<\/td><td>grew<\/td><td>grown<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to hear (ouvir)<\/td><td>heard<\/td><td>heard<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to hold (segurar)<\/td><td>held<\/td><td>held<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to know (saber)<\/td><td>knew<\/td><td>known<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to learn (aprender)<\/td><td>learnt<\/td><td>learnt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to leave (deixar, sair)<\/td><td>left<\/td><td>left<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to let (deixar, permitir)<\/td><td>let<\/td><td>let<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to make (fazer)<\/td><td>made<\/td><td>made<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to meet (encontrar)<\/td><td>met<\/td><td>met<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to pay (pagar)<\/td><td>paid<\/td><td>paid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to put (p\u00f4r)<\/td><td>put<\/td><td>put<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to read (ler)<\/td><td>read<\/td><td>read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to rise (erguer-se)<\/td><td>rose<\/td><td>risen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to run (correr)<\/td><td>ran<\/td><td>run<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to say (dizer)<\/td><td>said<\/td><td>said<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to see (ver)<\/td><td>saw<\/td><td>seen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to sell (vender)<\/td><td>sold<\/td><td>sold<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to send (enviar)<\/td><td>sent<\/td><td>sent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to set (colocar)<\/td><td>set<\/td><td>set<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to show (mostrar)<\/td><td>showed<\/td><td>shown<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to shut (fechar)<\/td><td>shut<\/td><td>shut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to sing (cantar)<\/td><td>sang<\/td><td>sung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to sit (sentar-se)<\/td><td>sat<\/td><td>sat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to sleep (dormir)<\/td><td>slept<\/td><td>slept<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to speak (falar)<\/td><td>spoke<\/td><td>spoken<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to spend (passar, gastar)<\/td><td>spent<\/td><td>spent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to steal (furtar)<\/td><td>stole<\/td><td>stolen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to swim (nadar)<\/td><td>swam<\/td><td>swum<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to take (tomar)<\/td><td>took<\/td><td>taken<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to teach (ensinar)<\/td><td>taught<\/td><td>taught<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to tell (dizer)<\/td><td>told<\/td><td>told<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to think (pensar)<\/td><td>thought<\/td><td>thought<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to throw (lan\u00e7ar)<\/td><td>threw<\/td><td>thrown<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to understand (entender)<\/td><td>understood<\/td><td>understood<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to wear (usar, vestir)<\/td><td>wore<\/td><td>worn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>to write (escrever)<\/td><td>wrote<\/td><td>written<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A&nbsp;l\u00edngua inglesa&nbsp;\u00e9 anal\u00edtica, de formas pouco vari\u00e1veis. A constru\u00e7\u00e3o das frases segue estruturas muito r\u00edgidas, nas quais avultam m\u00faltiplas regras de sintaxe e uma morfologia muito reduzida. Um substantivo colocado antes de outro substantivo converte-se em adjetivo. Assim, por exemplo,&nbsp;school&nbsp;significa &#8220;escola&#8221; (technical school) ou &#8220;escolar&#8221; (school year). Muitos substantivos \u2013 mas, aten\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o todos \u2013<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1494,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[187,199,198,186,200,188,197,185,189],"class_list":{"0":"post-1470","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-gramatica","8":"tag-adjetivos","9":"tag-adverbios","10":"tag-alfabeto","11":"tag-artigos","12":"tag-preposicoes","13":"tag-pronomes","14":"tag-pronuncia","15":"tag-substantivos","16":"tag-verbos"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.5 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gram\u00e1tica essencial da L\u00edngua Inglesa &#8226; Aprender Ingl\u00eas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A\u00a0l\u00edngua inglesa\u00a0\u00e9 anal\u00edtica, de formas pouco vari\u00e1veis. 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