{"id":316,"date":"2021-07-09T23:09:15","date_gmt":"2021-07-10T02:09:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/?p=316"},"modified":"2024-03-10T22:51:09","modified_gmt":"2024-03-11T01:51:09","slug":"gramatica-essencial-da-lingua-alema","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/gramatica-essencial-da-lingua-alema\/","title":{"rendered":"Gram\u00e1tica essencial da L\u00edngua Alem\u00e3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-o-alfabeto-e-a-pronuncia-do-alemao\">O alfabeto e a pron\u00fancia do alem\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>O que voc\u00ea precisa saber sobre o alfabeto alem\u00e3o e sua pron\u00fancia. Para poder soletrar o seu nome ou aprender a pronunciar alguma palavra em alem\u00e3o, voc\u00ea precisa primeiramente aprender o alfabeto alem\u00e3o e a sua pron\u00fancia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O alem\u00e3o usa as mesmas 26 letras do alfabeto que o portugu\u00eas, com a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de quatro letras a mais. Estas s\u00e3o as chamadas\u00a0<em>Umlaute<\/em>:\u00a0<strong>\u00e4<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>\u00f6<\/strong>\u00a0e<strong>\u00a0\u00fc<\/strong>, como tamb\u00e9m o\u00a0<em>Eszet<\/em>:\u00a0<strong>\u00df<\/strong>, que equivale a dois \u201cs\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Letra<\/th><th>Pron\u00fancia<\/th><th>Exemplo<\/th><th>Pronuncia-se como<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0410<\/td><td>[a:]<\/td><td><strong>A<\/strong>ntwort (resposta)<\/td><td><strong>a<\/strong>mor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B<\/td><td>[be:]<\/td><td><strong>B<\/strong>ett (cama)<\/td><td><strong>b<\/strong>ola<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C<\/td><td>[tse:]<\/td><td><strong>c<\/strong>irca (cerca, por volta de)<\/td><td><strong>ts<\/strong>\u00e9-<strong>ts<\/strong>\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D<\/td><td>[de:]<\/td><td><strong>D<\/strong>atum (data)<\/td><td><strong>d<\/strong>ata<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E<\/td><td>[e:]<\/td><td><strong>e<\/strong>ntscheiden (decidir)<\/td><td><strong>e<\/strong>quilo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F<\/td><td>[\u03b5f]<\/td><td><strong>F<\/strong>erien (f\u00e9rias)<\/td><td><strong>f<\/strong>eliz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G<\/td><td>[ge:]<\/td><td><strong>G<\/strong>abel (garfo)<\/td><td><strong>g<\/strong>arfo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H<\/td><td>[ha:]<\/td><td><strong>H<\/strong>eimat (p\u00e1tria)<\/td><td>ca<strong>rr<\/strong>o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>I<\/td><td>[i:]<\/td><td><strong>I<\/strong>gel (ouri\u00e7o)<\/td><td><strong>i<\/strong>r<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>J<\/td><td>[jot]<\/td><td><strong>J<\/strong>od (iodo)<\/td><td><strong>i<\/strong>odo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>K<\/td><td>[ka:]<\/td><td><strong>K<\/strong>mel (camelo)<\/td><td><strong>c<\/strong>asa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L<\/td><td>[\u03b5l]<\/td><td><strong>L<\/strong>ampe (l\u00e2mpada, candeeiro)<\/td><td><strong>l<\/strong>eite<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M<\/td><td>[\u03b5m]<\/td><td><strong>M<\/strong>odel (modelo)<\/td><td><strong>m<\/strong>odelo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N<\/td><td>[\u03b5n]<\/td><td><strong>N<\/strong>adel (agulha)<\/td><td><strong>n<\/strong>ada<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O<\/td><td>[o:]<\/td><td><strong>O<\/strong>ma (av\u00f3)<\/td><td><strong>o<\/strong>nda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P<\/td><td>[pe:]<\/td><td><strong>P<\/strong>ilot (piloto)<\/td><td><strong>p<\/strong>alavra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q<\/td><td>[ku:]<\/td><td><strong>Q<\/strong>uelle (fonte)<\/td><td><strong>qu<\/strong>anto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R<\/td><td>[\u03b5r]<\/td><td><strong>r<\/strong>ichtig (certo)<\/td><td>ca<strong>r<\/strong>o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S<\/td><td>[\u03b5s]<\/td><td><strong>S<\/strong>and (areia)<\/td><td>ca<strong>s<\/strong>a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T<\/td><td>[te:]<\/td><td><strong>T<\/strong>ee (ch\u00e1)<\/td><td><strong>t<\/strong>empo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>U<\/td><td>[u:]<\/td><td>H<strong>u<\/strong>t (chap\u00e9u)<\/td><td><strong>u<\/strong>va<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>V<\/td><td>[fau:]<\/td><td><strong>V<\/strong>ogel (p\u00e1ssaro)<\/td><td><strong>f<\/strong>arinha<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W<\/td><td>[ve:]<\/td><td><strong>W<\/strong>ind (vento)<\/td><td><strong>v<\/strong>ento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>X<\/td><td>[iks]<\/td><td><strong>X<\/strong>ylophon (xilofone)<\/td><td>\u00ea<strong>x<\/strong>tase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Y<\/td><td>[ypsil\u03b5n]<\/td><td><strong>Y<\/strong>acht (iate)<\/td><td><strong>i<\/strong>ate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Z<\/td><td>[ts\u03b5t]<\/td><td><strong>Z<\/strong>ebra (zebra)<\/td><td><strong>ts\u00e9-ts\u00e9<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/alfabeto-alemao-pronuncia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">O alfabeto alem\u00e3o e sua pron\u00fancia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elementos de Gram\u00e1tica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Substantivos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Os substantivos s\u00e3o escritos sempre com inicial mai\u00fascula. Em alem\u00e3o h\u00e1 tr\u00eas&nbsp;<strong>g\u00eaneros<\/strong>&nbsp;gramaticais (masculino, feminino, neutro), indicados pelo respectivo artigo definido (<em>der<\/em>, <em>die<\/em>, <em>das<\/em>). \u00c9 quase imposs\u00edvel estabelecer regras para a determina\u00e7\u00e3o do g\u00eanero dos substantivos ou para a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do plural. As maneiras mais frequentes de formar o&nbsp;<strong>plural<\/strong>&nbsp;s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sem qualquer altera\u00e7\u00e3o:&nbsp;<em>das Zimmer,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Zimmer<\/em>&nbsp;(o quarto, os quartos);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Com o uso de metafonia (<em>Umlaut<\/em>) sobre as vogais&nbsp;<em>a, o<\/em>&nbsp;e&nbsp;<em>u<\/em>:&nbsp;<em>der Vater,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;V<strong>\u00e4<\/strong>ter<\/em>&nbsp;(o pai, os pais);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pela desin\u00eancia&nbsp;<strong>-e<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>der Brief,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Brief<strong>e<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(a carta, as cartas);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pela desin\u00eancia&nbsp;<strong>-e<\/strong>&nbsp;e metafonia:&nbsp;<em>der Zug,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Z<strong>\u00fc<\/strong>g<strong>e<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o trem, os trens);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pela desin\u00eancia&nbsp;<strong>-er<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>das Kind,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Kind<strong>er<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(a crian\u00e7a, as crian\u00e7as);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pela desin\u00eancia&nbsp;<strong>-er<\/strong>&nbsp;e metafonia:&nbsp;<em>das Buch,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;B<strong>\u00fc<\/strong>ch<strong>er<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o livro, os livros);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pelas desin\u00eancias&nbsp;<strong>-en<\/strong>&nbsp;ou&nbsp;<strong>-n<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>der Mensch,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Mensch<strong>en<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o homem, os homens);&nbsp;<em>der Name, die Name<strong>n<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o nome, os nomes);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pela desin\u00eancia:<strong>&nbsp;-s<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>das Hotel,&nbsp;<strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Hotel<strong>s<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o hotel, os hot\u00e9is);<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Enquanto os complementos em portugu\u00eas s\u00e3o regidos por preposi\u00e7\u00f5es, o alem\u00e3o utiliza quatro casos de&nbsp;<strong>declina\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>: nominativo (sujeito: eu); genitivo (de mim), dativo (para mim), acusativo (complemento direto). Os casos distinguem-se uns dos outros pelo artigo e, \u00e0s vezes, tamb\u00e9m pela desin\u00eancia do substantivo. Nos nomes pr\u00f3prios (de pessoas ou locais geogr\u00e1ficos) acrescenta-se&nbsp;<strong>-s<\/strong>&nbsp;para declinar o genitivo:&nbsp;<em>Peters Bush<\/em>&nbsp;(o livro de Pedro);&nbsp;<em>Portugals Sch\u00f6nheit<\/em>&nbsp;(a beleza de Portugal).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Declina\u00e7\u00e3o dos substantivos e do artigo definido<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Singular<\/th><th>masculino<\/th><th>feminino<\/th><th>neutro<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>der Mann<\/td><td>die Frau<\/td><td>das Kind<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>des Mannes<\/td><td>der Frau<\/td><td>des Kindes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>dem Mann<\/td><td>der Frau<\/td><td>dem Kind<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>den Mann<\/td><td>die Frau<\/td><td>das Kind<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Plural<\/th><th>masculino<\/th><th>feminino<\/th><th>neutro<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>die M\u00e4nner<\/td><td>die Frauen<\/td><td>die Kinder<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>der M\u00e4nner<\/td><td>der Frauen<\/td><td>der Kinder<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>den M\u00e4nnern<\/td><td>den Frauen<\/td><td>den Kindern<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>die M\u00e4nner<\/td><td>die Frauen<\/td><td>die Kinder<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre o <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/bestimmter-artikel-genero-dos-substantivos-em-alemao\/\">G\u00eanero dos Substantivos (Bestimmter Artikel)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Artigos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O artigo definido&nbsp;<em><strong>der, die, das<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o, a, os, as) \u00e9 sempre declinado e concorda com o substantivo em n\u00famero, g\u00eanero e grau, conforme se v\u00ea no quadro. O mesmo \u00e9 v\u00e1lido para o artigo indefinido&nbsp;<em><strong>ein<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(um, uma, etc.), que segue as desin\u00eancias do artigo definido e s\u00f3 se usa no singular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-artigos-indefinidos\">Artigos indefinidos<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Casos<\/th><th>masculino<\/th><th>feminino<\/th><th>neutro<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>ein<\/td><td>eine<\/td><td>ein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>eines<\/td><td>einer<\/td><td>eines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>einem<\/td><td>einer<\/td><td>einem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>einen<\/td><td>eine<\/td><td>ein<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A mesma declina\u00e7\u00e3o de ein \u00e9 usada para&nbsp;<em><strong>kein<\/strong><\/em>, que tem um significado negativo e tamb\u00e9m se usa no plural:&nbsp;<em>kein<strong>e<\/strong>, kein<strong>er<\/strong>, kein<strong>en<\/strong>, kein<strong>e<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Kein<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>representa uma nega\u00e7\u00e3o absoluta e \u00e9 utilizado quando, em portugu\u00eas, um substantivo n\u00e3o \u00e9 precedido de artigo:&nbsp;<em>Ich habe&nbsp;<strong>keinen<\/strong>&nbsp;Hunger<\/em>&nbsp;(N\u00e3o tenho fome); ou mesmo quando \u00e9 acompanhado do adjetivo \u201cnenhum\u201d:&nbsp;<em>Ich kenne&nbsp;<strong>keine<\/strong>&nbsp;Kinder hier<\/em>&nbsp;(Aqui n\u00e3o conhe\u00e7o nenhuma crian\u00e7a). Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 usado com um sentido indeterminado:&nbsp;<em>Haben Sie&nbsp;<strong>keine<\/strong>&nbsp;Briefe f\u00fcr mich?<\/em>&nbsp;(N\u00e3o h\u00e1 nenhuma carta para mim?).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre os <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/artigos-definidos-e-indefinidos-bestimmte-und-unbestimmte-artikel\/\">Artigos definidos e indefinidos (Bestimmte und unbestimmte Artikel)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Em alem\u00e3o, ao contr\u00e1rio do portugu\u00eas, o adjetivo usado com &nbsp;fun\u00e7\u00e3o de&nbsp;<strong>predicado<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00e9 sempre invari\u00e1vel:&nbsp;<em>der Vater is alt<\/em>&nbsp;(o pai \u00e9 idoso);&nbsp;<em>die Mutter is alt<\/em>&nbsp;(a m\u00e3e \u00e9 idosa). O adjetivo usado com fun\u00e7\u00e3o de&nbsp;<strong>atributo<\/strong>&nbsp;precede sempre o substantivo e concorda com este em n\u00famero, g\u00eanero e grau. Ou seja, \u00e9 declinado. H\u00e1 tr\u00eas tipos de declina\u00e7\u00e3o do adjetivo, conforme o substantivo ao qual se refere seja precedido de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I. artigo definido (<em>der, die, das<\/em>), um dos adjetivos demonstrativos&nbsp;<em>dieser<\/em>&nbsp;(este) ou&nbsp;<em>jener<\/em>&nbsp;(aquele), ou mesmo um dos adjetivos indefinidos&nbsp;<em>alle<\/em>&nbsp;(todos),&nbsp;<em>jeder<\/em>&nbsp;(cada),&nbsp;<em>mancher<\/em>&nbsp;(algum, muito);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>II. artigo indefinido (<em>ein, eine, ein<\/em>), um adjetivo possessivo (<em>mein, dein,<\/em>&nbsp;etc.) ou indefinido kein;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>III. nenhum artigo ou outro determinativo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Declina\u00e7\u00f5es do adjetivo<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>masculino<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>feminino<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>neutro<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\ufeff<\/td><td><strong>I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>II<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>III<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>II<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>III<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>II<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>III<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-er<\/td><td>-er<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-es<\/td><td>-es<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-er<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-em<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-er<\/td><td>-es<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-em<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td>-es<\/td><td>-es<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>masculino, feminino e neutro<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-er<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-en<\/td><td>-e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ex.: I.&nbsp;<em>Das schwarz<strong>e<\/strong>&nbsp;Kleid<\/em>&nbsp;(o vestido preto); II.&nbsp;<em>Ein schwarz<strong>es<\/strong>&nbsp;Kleid<\/em>&nbsp;(um vestido preto); III.&nbsp;<em>Schwarz<strong>e<\/strong>&nbsp;Schuhe<\/em>&nbsp;(sapatos pretos).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Graus de compara\u00e7\u00e3o do adjetivo<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Se o adjetivo tem uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o de predicado, forma-se do seguinte modo (o comparativo de inferioridade \u00e9 pouco usado).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Comparativo<\/strong><\/td><td>de superioridade<\/td><td>adjetivo com o sufixo&nbsp;<em><strong>-er<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<em><strong>als<\/strong><\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>de igualdade<\/td><td><em><strong>so<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo +&nbsp;<em><strong>wie<\/strong><\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Superlativo<\/strong><\/td><td>relativo<\/td><td><em><strong>am<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo com o sufixo&nbsp;<em><strong>-(e)sten<\/strong><\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>absoluto<\/td><td><em><strong>sehr<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>+ adjetivo<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Muitos adjetivos monossil\u00e1bicos sofrem metafonia no a, o e u:&nbsp;<em>warm&nbsp;<\/em>(quente),&nbsp;<em>w<strong>\u00e4<\/strong>rmer<\/em>&nbsp;(mais quente),&nbsp;<strong>am<\/strong>&nbsp;w<strong>\u00e4<\/strong>rmsten (o mais quente). Se o adjetivo tem fun\u00e7\u00e3o atributiva, segue a declina\u00e7\u00e3o normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre os <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/adjetivos-em-alemao-das-adjektiv\/\">Adjetivos (das Adjektiv)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pronomes pessoais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Pessoa<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"5\"><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1\u00aa<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>2\u00aa<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>3\u00aa masc.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>3\u00aa fem.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>3\u00aa neutro<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>ich<\/td><td>du<\/td><td>er<\/td><td>sie<\/td><td>sie<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>meiner<\/td><td>deiner<\/td><td>seiner<\/td><td>ihrer<\/td><td>ihrer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>mir<\/td><td>dir<\/td><td>ihm<\/td><td>ihr<\/td><td>ihnen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>mich<\/td><td>dich<\/td><td>ihn<\/td><td>sie<\/td><td>sie<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Pessoa<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1\u00aa<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>2\u00aa<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>3\u00aa<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>wir<\/td><td>ihr<\/td><td>sie<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>unser<\/td><td>euer<\/td><td>ihrer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>uns<\/td><td>euch<\/td><td>ihnen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>uns<\/td><td>euch<\/td><td>sie<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Usa-se sempre a terceira pessoa do plural no tratamento formal, mesmo que se esteja fazendo refer\u00eancia a uma s\u00f3 pessoa (o senhor, a senhora); os respectivos pronomes s\u00e3o escritos com letra mai\u00fascula (<em>Sie, Ihrer, Ihnen, Sie<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nos verbos reflexivos usa-se o pronome&nbsp;<em><strong>sich<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>na terceira pessoa, tanto no singular como do plural; nas outras pessoas usam-se os pronomes pessoais no acusativo ou no dativo (de acordo com o significado):&nbsp;<em>er w\u00e4scht&nbsp;<strong>sich<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(ele se lavra);&nbsp;<em>die Kinder waschen&nbsp;<strong>sich<\/strong>&nbsp;die H\u00e4nde<\/em>&nbsp;(as crian\u00e7as lavam as m\u00e3os);&nbsp;<em>ich wasche&nbsp;<strong>mich<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(eu me lavo);&nbsp;<em>ich wasche&nbsp;<strong>mir<\/strong>&nbsp;die H\u00e4nde<\/em>&nbsp;(eu lavo as m\u00e3os).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre os <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/pronomes-pessoais-em-alemao\/\">Pronomes pessoais (Personalpronomen)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos e pronomes possessivos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Pessoa<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Masculino<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Feminino<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Neutro<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Masc., fem. e neutro<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ich<\/td><td>mein<\/td><td>meine<\/td><td>mein<\/td><td>meine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>du<\/td><td>dein<\/td><td>deine<\/td><td>dein<\/td><td>deine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>er<\/td><td>sein<\/td><td>seine<\/td><td>sein<\/td><td>seine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie<\/td><td>ihr<\/td><td>ihre<\/td><td>ihr<\/td><td>ihre<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>es<\/td><td>sein<\/td><td>seine<\/td><td>sein<\/td><td>seine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wir<\/td><td>unser<\/td><td>unsere<\/td><td>unser<\/td><td>unsere<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ihr<\/td><td>euer<\/td><td>eure<\/td><td>euer<\/td><td>eure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie<\/td><td>ihr<\/td><td>ihre<\/td><td>ihr<\/td><td>ihre<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Em alem\u00e3o, os adjetivos possessivos s\u00e3o sempre usados sem artigo e precedem o substantivo:&nbsp;<em>mein Haus<\/em>&nbsp;(a minha casa). Tamb\u00e9m seguem a declina\u00e7\u00e3o do artigo:&nbsp;<em>ich sehe mein<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;Vater<\/em>&nbsp;(vejo o meu pai). Para falar de forma cort\u00eas, utilizam-se os possessivos correspondentes \u00e0 terceira pessoa do plural, com letra mai\u00fascula (<em>Ihr, Ihre<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre os <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/possessivpronomen-pronomes-possessivos-em-alemao\/\">Pronomes possessivos (Possessivpronomen)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos e pronomes demonstrativos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e3o&nbsp;<em><strong>dieser<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(este) e&nbsp;<em><strong>jener<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(aquele), e declinam-se como os artigos definidos. Os artigos definidos, que tamb\u00e9m podem ser utilizados como pronomes demonstrativos, seguem sempre a sua pr\u00f3pria declina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pronomes relativos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tais pronomes t\u00eam as mesmas formas do artigo definido, com exce\u00e7\u00e3o do genitivo (masculino e neutro singular,&nbsp;<em>dessen<\/em>, feminino,&nbsp;<em>deren<\/em>, plural,&nbsp;<em>deren<\/em>) e do dativo plural (<em>denen<\/em>). Em g\u00eanero e n\u00famero, concordam com o substantivo da ora\u00e7\u00e3o principal a que se referem; no caso, concordam com o verbo da ora\u00e7\u00e3o subordinada da qual dependem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjetivos e pronomes interrogativos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Casos<\/th><th>de pessoas (quem?)<\/th><th>de coisas (o qu\u00ea?)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nominativo<\/strong><\/td><td>wer<\/td><td>was<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Genitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>wessen<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dativo<\/strong><\/td><td>wem<\/td><td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acusativo<\/strong><\/td><td>wen<\/td><td>was<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Os adjetivos interrogativos&nbsp;<em><strong>welcher<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(o qual) e&nbsp;<em><strong>was f\u00fcr ein<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(que esp\u00e9cie de) declinam-se como os artigos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre os <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/pronomes-interrogativos-em-alemao\/\">Pronomes Interrogativos (Interrogativpronomen)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-adjetivos-e-pronomes-indefinidos\">Adjetivos e pronomes indefinidos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th> <\/th><th>Adjetivos<\/th><th>Pronomes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>qualquer um<\/td><td>irgend ein<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>alguns<\/td><td>einige<\/td><td>einige<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>algu\u00e9m<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><td>jemand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>qualquer coisa<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><td>etwas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>cada<\/td><td>jeder<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>todos<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><td>jedermann<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>nenhum<\/td><td>kein<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ningu\u00e9m<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><td>niemand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>nada<\/td><td><em>\u2013<\/em><\/td><td>nichts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tudo, todo<\/td><td>all, ganz<\/td><td>alles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>o mesmo<\/td><td>derselbe<\/td><td>derselbe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>outro<\/td><td>ander<\/td><td>anderer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>muito, muitos<\/td><td>viel<\/td><td>vieler<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>pouco, poucos<\/td><td>wening<\/td><td>weninger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tal<\/td><td>solch<\/td><td>solcher<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>O pronome indefinido se deve ser traduzido por&nbsp;<strong><em>man<\/em><\/strong>, seguido pelo verbo na terceira pessoa do singular:&nbsp;<em><strong>man<\/strong>&nbsp;sagt<\/em>&nbsp;(diz-se).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preposi\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Est\u00e3o agrupadas conforme o caso que regem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regem sempre o acusativo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>bis<\/td><td>at\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>durch<\/td><td>atrav\u00e9s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>f\u00fcr<\/td><td>para<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>gegen<\/td><td>contra, para<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ohen<\/td><td>sem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>um<\/td><td>por volta de (horas)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regem sempre o dativo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>aus<\/td><td>de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>au\u00dfer<\/td><td>al\u00e9m de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>bei<\/td><td>junto de, com<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>gegen\u00fcber<\/td><td>em frente de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>mit<\/td><td>com<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>nach<\/td><td>depois de, para<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>seit<\/td><td>desde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>von<\/td><td>de, por<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>zu<\/td><td>em, para, para casa de<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regem sempre o genitivo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>au\u00dferhalb<\/td><td>fora de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>innerhalb<\/td><td>dentro de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>statt<\/td><td>em vez de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>trotz<\/td><td>apesar de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>w\u00e4hrend<\/td><td>durante<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wegen<\/td><td>por causa de<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Regem o\u00a0<strong>dativo<\/strong>, no caso de complemento de lugar \u201conde\u201d, e o\u00a0<strong>acusativo<\/strong>, no caso de complemento de lugar \u201cpara onde\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>an<\/td><td>a, em, sobre (com contato)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>auf<\/td><td>em, sobre (com contato)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>hinter<\/td><td>atr\u00e1s de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>neben<\/td><td>perto de (sem contato)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>in<\/td><td>em, dentro de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00fc<\/strong>b<strong>er<\/strong><\/td><td>sobre, por cima de (sem contato)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>unter<\/td><td>sob, embaixo de, entre (tr\u00eas ou mais)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>vor<\/td><td>diante de<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>zwischen<\/td><td>entre (dois)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Leia mais sobre as <a href=\"https:\/\/hridiomas.com\/aprender-alemao\/preposicoes-prepositionen\/\">Preposi\u00e7\u00f5es (Prepositionen)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conjun\u00e7\u00f5es e adv\u00e9rbios<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Em muitos casos, o adv\u00e9rbio de modo coincide com o adjetivo:\u00a0<em>langsam<\/em>\u00a0(lento e lentamente). Os adv\u00e9rbios de lugar (c\u00e1, l\u00e1, aqui, ali) s\u00e3o normalmente compostos por\u00a0<em><strong>da<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>(lugar onde),\u00a0<em><strong>hin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>(lugar para onde) ou\u00a0<em><strong>her<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>(lugar de onde), unidos \u00e0 preposi\u00e7\u00e3o pedida pelo verbo da frase:\u00a0<em>durauf, hinaus, herein<\/em>, etc. Acontece o mesmo com o adv\u00e9rbio\u00a0<em><strong>wo<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>nas frases interrogativas e relativas. Eis\u00a0alguns dos adv\u00e9rbios e conjun\u00e7\u00f5es mais comuns:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>como<\/td><td><em>wie<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>onde<\/td><td><em>wo<\/em>&nbsp;(lugar onde),&nbsp;<em>wohin<\/em>&nbsp;(lugar para onde),&nbsp;<em>woher<\/em>&nbsp;(lugar de onde)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>porque<\/td><td><em>weil<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>warum<\/em>&nbsp;nas frases interrogativas)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>quanto<\/td><td><em>wieviel<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>warum<\/em>&nbsp;nas frases interrogativas)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>quando<\/td><td><em>als, wenn<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>wann&nbsp;<\/em>nas frases interrogativas)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>enquanto<\/td><td><em>w\u00e4hrend&nbsp;<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>antes que<\/td><td><em>bevor<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>depois que<\/td><td><em>nachdem<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>para que<\/td><td><em>damit<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>visto que<\/td><td><em>da<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>que<\/td><td><em>da\u00df<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>se<\/td><td><em>wenn&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>ob<\/em>&nbsp;nas frases interrogativas indiretas)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>e<\/td><td><em>und<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ou<\/td><td><em>oder<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>mas<\/td><td><em>aber, sondern<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tamb\u00e9m<\/td><td><em>auch<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Em alem\u00e3o usam-se sobretudo tr\u00eas tempos do indicativo: o presente, o pret\u00e9rito perfeito composto e o&nbsp;<em>Pr\u00e4teritum<\/em>, que corresponde ao pret\u00e9rito perfeito simples e ao imperfeito.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para exprimir uma a\u00e7\u00e3o que se passa no futuro, usa-se em geral o verbo no presente, sobretudo se a frase tiver adv\u00e9rbios de tempo que se referem \u00e0 a\u00e7\u00e3o futura. (por exemplo,&nbsp;<em>morgen<\/em>, amanh\u00e3); nos outros casos recorre-se ao auxiliar&nbsp;<em>werden<\/em>&nbsp;seguido do infinitivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No infinitivo, todos os verbos alem\u00e3es terminam por&nbsp;<strong>-en<\/strong>&nbsp;ou&nbsp;<strong>-n<\/strong>&nbsp;e dividem-se em&nbsp;<strong>fracos<\/strong>&nbsp;(ou regulares) e&nbsp;<strong>fortes<\/strong>&nbsp;(ou irregulares).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se o radical de um verbo fraco (isto \u00e9, sem a desin\u00eancia&nbsp;<em>-en<\/em>&nbsp;ou -n do infinitivo) terminar em \u2013<em>d, -t<\/em>&nbsp;ou mesmo em<em>&nbsp;-m<\/em>&nbsp;ou&nbsp;<em>-n<\/em>&nbsp;precedido de uma consoante que n\u00e3o seja um&nbsp;<em>r, l<\/em>&nbsp;ou<em>&nbsp;h<\/em>, coloca-se um&nbsp;<strong>-e-<\/strong>&nbsp;entre o radical e as desin\u00eancias da segunda e da terceira pessoas do singular e da segunda do plural, no presente e um \u2013<strong>et<\/strong>\u2013 no&nbsp;<em>Pr\u00e4teritum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os verbos fortes, por outro lado, modificam a vogal do radical na segunda e terceira pessoas do singular do presente e em todo o&nbsp;<em>Pr\u00e4teritum.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os verbos auxiliares s\u00e3o tr\u00eas:&nbsp;<em>sein<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>haben<\/em>&nbsp;e&nbsp;<em>werden<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos auxiliares<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Infinitivo<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>sein<\/strong>&nbsp;(ser, estar)<\/td><td><strong>haben<\/strong>&nbsp;(ter)<\/td><td><strong>werden<\/strong>&nbsp;(tornar-se*)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Partic\u00edpio<\/strong><\/td><td>gewesen&nbsp;(sido, estado)<\/td><td>gehabt&nbsp;(tido)<\/td><td>geworden&nbsp;(tornado)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-presente-sou-estou-tenho-etc\">Presente (sou, estou, tenho, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>ich<\/td><td>bin<\/td><td>habe<\/td><td>werde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>du<\/td><td>bist<\/td><td>hast<\/td><td>wiirst<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>er<\/td><td>ist<\/td><td>hat<\/td><td>wird<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wir<\/td><td>sind<\/td><td>haben<\/td><td>werden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ihr<\/td><td>seid<\/td><td>habt<\/td><td>werdet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie, Sie<\/td><td>sind<\/td><td>haben<\/td><td>werden<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prateritum-era-fui-tinha-tive-etc\">Pr\u00e4teritum (era, fui, tinha, tive, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>ich<\/td><td>war<\/td><td>hatte<\/td><td><em>wurde<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>du<\/td><td>warst<\/td><td>hattest<\/td><td>wurdest<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>er<\/td><td>war<\/td><td>hatte<\/td><td>wurde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wir<\/td><td>waren<\/td><td>hatten<\/td><td>wurden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ihr<\/td><td>wart<\/td><td>hattest<\/td><td>wurdet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie, Sie<\/td><td>waren<\/td><td>hatten<\/td><td>wurden<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-imperativo-se-tem-etc\">Imperativo (s\u00ea, tem, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>sei<\/td><td>hab(e)<\/td><td>werde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>seid<\/td><td>habt<\/td><td>werdet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>seien, Sie<\/td><td>haben Sie<\/td><td>werden Sie<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-futuro-serei-terei-etc\">Futuro (serei, terei, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>ich werde sein<\/td><td>ich werde haben<\/td><td>ich werde werden<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-preterito-perfeito-composto-tenho-sido-tenho-estado-tenho-tido-etc\">Pret\u00e9rito perfeito composto (tenho sido, tenho estado, tenho tido, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>ich bin gewesen<\/td><td>ich habe gehabt<\/td><td>ich bin geworden<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* quando n\u00e3o \u00e9 auxiliar<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-verbos-de-modo\">Verbos de modo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>d\u00fcrfen <\/strong>(poder, ter licen\u00e7a, ser l\u00edcito)<br><strong>K\u00f6nnen <\/strong>(poder, ser capaz de, saber)<br><strong>m\u00fcgen<\/strong> (querer, desejar, gostar)<br><strong>m\u00fcssen<\/strong> (dever, ter de, ser obrigado a)<br><strong>sollen<\/strong> (dever, ser obrigado a)<br><strong>wollen<\/strong> (querer, ter a inte\u00e7\u00e3o de)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-infinitivo\">Infinitivo<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td>d\u00fcrfen<\/td><td>K\u00f6nnen<\/td><td>m\u00fcgen<\/td><td>m\u00fcssen<\/td><td>sollen<\/td><td>wollen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-presente\">Presente<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>ich<\/td><td>darf<\/td><td>kann<\/td><td>mag<\/td><td>mu\u00df<\/td><td>soll<\/td><td>will<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>du<\/td><td>darfst<\/td><td>kannst<\/td><td>magst<\/td><td>mu\u00dft<\/td><td>sollst<\/td><td>willst<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>er<\/td><td>darf<\/td><td>kann<\/td><td>mag<\/td><td>mu\u00df<\/td><td>soll<\/td><td>will<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wir<\/td><td>d\u00fcrfen<\/td><td>k\u00f6nnen<\/td><td>m\u00f6gen<\/td><td>m\u00fcssen<\/td><td>sollen<\/td><td>wollen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ihr<\/td><td>d\u00fcrft<\/td><td>k\u00f6nnt<\/td><td>m\u00f6gt<\/td><td>m\u00fc\u00dft<\/td><td>sollt<\/td><td>wollt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie<\/td><td>d\u00fcrfen<\/td><td>k\u00f6nnen<\/td><td>m\u00f6gen<\/td><td>m\u00fcssen<\/td><td>sollen<\/td><td>wollen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plateritum\">Pl\u00e4teritum<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>durfte<\/td><td>konnte<\/td><td>mochte<\/td><td>mu\u00dfte<\/td><td>sollte<\/td><td>wollte<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos fracos e fortes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Alguns verbos fracos formam o partic\u00edpio passado sem o prefixo&nbsp;<strong>ge-<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>studieren<\/em>&nbsp;(estudar),&nbsp;<em>studier<strong>t<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>(estudado). Forma-se o pret\u00e9rito perfeito composto com presente de&nbsp;<em>haben<\/em>&nbsp;ou&nbsp;<em>sein<\/em>&nbsp;e o partic\u00edpio passado do verbo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em geral, usa-se&nbsp;<em>haben<\/em>&nbsp;(tamb\u00e9m com os verbos reflexivos:<em>&nbsp;ich&nbsp;<strong>habe<\/strong>&nbsp;mich&nbsp;<strong>ge<\/strong>waschen<\/em>, lavei-me). Usa-se&nbsp;<em>sein<\/em>&nbsp;(mesmo com o pr\u00f3prio sein) com&nbsp;<em>bleiben<\/em>&nbsp;(ficar, permanecer) e com verbos que indicam movimento ou mudan\u00e7a de estado:&nbsp;<em>ich bin zu Hause&nbsp;<strong>geblieben<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(fiquei em casa):&nbsp;<em>er&nbsp;<strong>ist<\/strong>&nbsp;nach Deutschland&nbsp;<strong>gefahren<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(foi para a Alemanha);&nbsp;<em>er ist reich&nbsp;<strong>geworden<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(tornou-se rico).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Este tempo verbal, usado sobretudo na conversa\u00e7\u00e3o, reporta-se a um passado pr\u00f3ximo e traduz-se normalmente, em portugu\u00eas, pelo pret\u00e9rito perfeito simples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th> <\/th><th>Verbos fracos<\/th><th> <\/th><th>Verbos fortes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Infinitivo<\/strong><\/td><td>wohn-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;(morar)<\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;(trabalhar)<\/td><td>geb-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;(dar)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Partic\u00edpio passado<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ge<\/strong>-wohn-<strong>t<\/strong>&nbsp;(morado)<\/td><td><strong>ge<\/strong>-arbeit-<strong>e-t<\/strong>&nbsp;(trabalhado)<\/td><td><strong>ge<\/strong>-geb-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;(dado)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-presente-moro-trabalho-dou-etc\">Presente\u00a0(moro, trabalho, dou, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>ich<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>e<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>e<\/strong><\/td><td>geb-<strong>e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>du<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>st<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>e-st<\/strong><\/td><td>gib-<strong>st<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>er<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>e-t<\/strong><\/td><td>gib-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wir<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><td>gib-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ihr<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>e-t<\/strong><\/td><td>geb-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie, Sie<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><td>geb-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-prateritum-morava-trabalhava-etc-morei-trabalhei-etc\">Pr\u00e4teritum\u00a0(morava, trabalhava, etc.; morei, trabalhei, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>ich<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t-e<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>et-e<\/strong><\/td><td>gab<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>du<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t-est<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>et-est<\/strong><\/td><td>gab-<strong>st<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>er<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t-e<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>et-e<\/strong><\/td><td>gab<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wir<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t-en<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>et-en<\/strong><\/td><td>gab-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ihr<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t-et<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>et-et<\/strong><\/td><td>gab-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sie, Sie<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t-en<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>et-en<\/strong><\/td><td>gab-<strong>en<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-imperativo-mora-trabalha-da-etc\">Imperativo\u00a0(mora, trabalha, d\u00e1, etc.)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>e<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>e<\/strong><\/td><td>gib<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>e-t<\/strong><\/td><td>geb-<strong>t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>wohn-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;Sie<\/td><td>arbeit-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;Sie<\/td><td>geb-<strong>en<\/strong>&nbsp;Sie<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos de part\u00edcula separ\u00e1vel e insepar\u00e1vel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Muitos verbos s\u00e3o compostos por part\u00edculas, preposi\u00e7\u00f5es ou adv\u00e9rbios. Os compostos pelos prefixo&nbsp;<em>be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, ver-, zer-, wider-<\/em>&nbsp;s\u00e3o insepar\u00e1veis e mant\u00eam-se invari\u00e1veis, formando o partic\u00edpio passado sem&nbsp;<em>ge-<\/em>. Os compostos por uma preposi\u00e7\u00e3o ou adv\u00e9rbio em que recai o acento t\u00f4nico s\u00e3o separ\u00e1veis; no presente, no&nbsp;<em>Pr\u00e4teritum<\/em>&nbsp;e no imperativo a part\u00edcula inicial \u00e9 colocada no fim da ora\u00e7\u00e3o principal, enquanto no partic\u00edpio passado se insere o&nbsp;<em>ge-<\/em>&nbsp;entre as duas partes:<em>&nbsp;ich&nbsp;<strong>komme<\/strong>&nbsp;in Bonn&nbsp;<strong>an<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(chego a Bonn);&nbsp;<em>ich&nbsp;<strong>bin<\/strong>&nbsp;in Bonn an<strong>ge<\/strong>kommen<\/em>&nbsp;(cheguei a Bonn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voz Passiva<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Formam-se a voz passiva com o auxiliar&nbsp;<em><strong>werden<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>e o partic\u00edpio passado do verbo. O complemento agente da passiva, que corresponde ao sujeito da voz ativa, \u00e9 precedido de von:&nbsp;<em>die Eltern lieben ire Kinder<\/em>&nbsp;(os pais amam os seus filhos);&nbsp;<em><strong>die<\/strong>&nbsp;Kinder&nbsp;<strong>werden<\/strong>&nbsp;von ihre Eltern&nbsp;<strong>geliebt<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(os filhos s\u00e3o amados pelos pais).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verbos fortes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Eis uma lista dos mais fortes, apresentados na seguinte ordem: infinitivo,\u00a0<em>Pr\u00e4teritum<\/em>\u00a0e partic\u00edpio passado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>beginnen (come\u00e7ar)<\/td><td>begann<\/td><td>begonnen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>bewegen (mover)<\/td><td>bewog<\/td><td>bewogen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>bieten (oferecer)<\/td><td>bot<\/td><td>geboten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>binden (atar, ligar)<\/td><td>band<\/td><td>gebunden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>bitten (pedir)<\/td><td>bat<\/td><td>gebeten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>bleiben (ficar)<\/td><td>blieb<\/td><td>geblieben<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>bringen (trazer)<\/td><td>brachte<\/td><td>gebracht<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>denken (pensar)<\/td><td>dachte<\/td><td>gedacht<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>essen (comer)<\/td><td>a\u00df<\/td><td>gegessen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>fahren (ir, viajar)<\/td><td>fuhr<\/td><td>gefahren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>fallen (cair)<\/td><td>fiel<\/td><td>gefallen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>finden (encontrar)<\/td><td>fand<\/td><td>gefunden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>geben (dar)<\/td><td>gab<\/td><td>gegeben<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>gehen (ir, caminhar)<\/td><td>ging<\/td><td>gegangen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>kennen (conhecer)<\/td><td>kannte<\/td><td>gekannt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>kommen (vir)<\/td><td>kam<\/td><td>gekommen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>lassen (deixar)<\/td><td>lie\u00df<\/td><td>gelassen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>laufen (correr)<\/td><td>lief<\/td><td>gelaufen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>lesen (ler)<\/td><td>las<\/td><td>gelesen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>nehmen (tomar, levar)<\/td><td>nahm<\/td><td>genommen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>schlafen (dormir)<\/td><td>schlief<\/td><td>geschlafen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>schlie\u00dfen (fechar)<\/td><td>schlo\u00df<\/td><td>geschlossen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>schreiben (escrever)<\/td><td>schrieb<\/td><td>geschrieben<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>schwimmen (nadar)<\/td><td>schwamm<\/td><td>geschwommen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sehen (ver)<\/td><td>sah<\/td><td>gesehen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>senden (enviar)<\/td><td>sandte<\/td><td>gesandt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>singen (cantar)<\/td><td>sang<\/td><td>gesungen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sitzen (estar sentado)<\/td><td>sa\u00df<\/td><td>gesessen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sprechen (falar)<\/td><td>sprach<\/td><td>gesprochen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>stehen (estar em p\u00e9)<\/td><td>stand<\/td><td>gestanden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>steigen (subir)<\/td><td>stieg<\/td><td>gestiegen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sterben (morrer)<\/td><td>starb<\/td><td>gestorben<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tragen (transportar, vestir)<\/td><td>trug<\/td><td>getragen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>trinken (beber)<\/td><td>trank<\/td><td>getrunken<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tun (fazer, agir)<\/td><td>tat<\/td><td>getan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>vergessen (esquecer)<\/td><td>verga\u00df<\/td><td>vergessen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>verlieren (perder)<\/td><td>verlor<\/td><td>verloren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>waschen (lavar)<\/td><td>wusch<\/td><td>gewaschen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>werfen (atirar)<\/td><td>warf<\/td><td>geworfen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>wissen (saber)<\/td><td>wu\u00dfte<\/td><td>gewu\u00dft<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ziehen (puxar)<\/td><td>zog<\/td><td>gezogen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elementos de sintaxe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Em alem\u00e3o, o sujeito \u00e9 sempre expresso por um substantivo ou pronome, ocupando geralmente o primeiro lugar na ora\u00e7\u00e3o. O adjetivo precede sempre um substantivo ao qual se refere. Os verbos transitivos pedem o acusativo. Quando h\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m um complemento no dativo, este geralmente precede o acusativo:&nbsp;<em>er hat dem Bruder einen Brief geschrieben<\/em>&nbsp;(ele escreveu uma carta ao irm\u00e3o).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ora\u00e7\u00e3o principal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Em geral, o sujeito precede o verbo, enquanto a segunda parte do predicado (part\u00edcula separ\u00e1vel, partic\u00edpio passado ou infinitivo) ocupa o \u00faltimo lugar na ora\u00e7\u00e3o:&nbsp;<em>ich fahre nach Bonn ab<\/em>&nbsp;(parto para Bonn);&nbsp;<em>er will nach Bonn fahren<\/em>&nbsp;(ele quer ir para Bonn);&nbsp;<em>sie sind nach Bonn gefahren<\/em>&nbsp;(eles partiram para Bonn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O sujeito \u00e9 colocado depois do verbo quando a frase come\u00e7a por uma ora\u00e7\u00e3o subordinada ou por um complemento a que se quer dar import\u00e2ncia:<em>&nbsp;Nach Berlin m\u00f6cht ich fahren!<\/em>&nbsp;(A Berlim eu gostaria de ir!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obt\u00e9m-se a&nbsp;<strong>forma negativa<\/strong>&nbsp;colocando-se&nbsp;<em><strong>nicht<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>antes do elemento que se quer negar:<em>&nbsp;ich fahre&nbsp;<strong>nicht<\/strong>&nbsp;ab<\/em>&nbsp;(n\u00e3o parto);&nbsp;<em>ich habe die Frage&nbsp;<strong>nicht<\/strong>&nbsp;verstanden<\/em>&nbsp;(n\u00e3o compreendi a pergunta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obt\u00e9m-se a <strong>forma interrogativa<\/strong> invertendo o sujeito e o verbo:<em>&nbsp;fahren Sie oft nach Deutschland?<\/em>&nbsp;(voc\u00ea vai muitas vezes \u00e0 Alemanha?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ora\u00e7\u00f5es subordinadas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nestas ora\u00e7\u00f5es, o sujeito vem depois da conjun\u00e7\u00e3o, mas o verbo ocupa o \u00faltimo lugar (os verbos com part\u00edcula separ\u00e1vel, neste caso, n\u00e3o se separam):&nbsp;<em>ich fahre nach Berlin, weil die Stadt sehr sch\u00f6n&nbsp;<strong>ist<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(vou a Berlim porque a cidade \u00e9 muito bonita). Nas ora\u00e7\u00f5es subordinadas com um infinitivo, este \u00e9 precedido por&nbsp;<strong>zu<\/strong>&nbsp;(nos verbos de partt\u00edcula separ\u00e1vel, o zu fica entre esta e 0 radical do verbo): ich bitte dich, morgen nicht ab<strong>zu<\/strong>fahren (pe\u00e7o que n\u00e3o partas amanh\u00e3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pedem infinitivo simples, sem zu, al\u00e9m dos verbos auxiliares de modo j\u00e1 indicados, os verbos&nbsp;<em>gehen<\/em>&nbsp;(ir),&nbsp;<em>helfen<\/em>&nbsp;(ajudar),&nbsp;<em>h\u00f6ren<\/em>&nbsp;(ouvir),&nbsp;<em>lassen<\/em>&nbsp;(deixar),&nbsp;<em>lernen<\/em>&nbsp;(aprender),&nbsp;<em>sehen<\/em>&nbsp;(ver). No pret\u00e9rito perfeito composto, estes verbos usam o infinitivo em vez do partic\u00edpio:&nbsp;<em>der Kranke&nbsp;<strong>hat<\/strong>&nbsp;die Reise nicht machen&nbsp;<strong>d\u00fcrfen<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(o doente n\u00e3o p\u00f4de fazer a viagem).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O alfabeto e a pron\u00fancia do alem\u00e3o O que voc\u00ea precisa saber sobre o alfabeto alem\u00e3o e sua pron\u00fancia. Para poder soletrar o seu nome ou aprender a pronunciar alguma palavra em alem\u00e3o, voc\u00ea precisa primeiramente aprender o alfabeto alem\u00e3o e a sua pron\u00fancia. O alem\u00e3o usa as mesmas 26 letras do alfabeto que o<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":380,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[188,191,187,185,190,189,181,192,184,182],"class_list":{"0":"post-316","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-gramatica","8":"tag-adjetivos","9":"tag-adverbios","10":"tag-alfabeto","11":"tag-artigos","12":"tag-conjuncoes","13":"tag-preposicoes","14":"tag-pronomes","15":"tag-sintaxe","16":"tag-substantivos","17":"tag-verbos"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.5 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gram\u00e1tica essencial da L\u00edngua Alem\u00e3 &#8226; Aprender Alem\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tudo o que voc\u00ea precisa saber sobre a gram\u00e1tica alem\u00e3. 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